射频指标(射频指标evm)

5G频段分两部分：FR1和FR2

下面是FR1也就是 sub 6G的频段表：

国内运营商移动部署的5G频段是n41和n79,联通和电信部署的频段都是n78，具体频率范围如下：

中国移动：n41:2515~2675MHz,n79:4800~4900MHz;

中国电信：n78:3400~3500MHz；

中国联通：n78:3500~3600MHz;

3GPP中关于5G FR1（sub 6G）的射频指标要求都在38.101中，其中38.101-1和38.101-2分别定义的是SA架构下FR1（sub 6G）和FR1（毫米波）下的射频指标要求，38.101-3是ENDC 和5G CA组合下的5G射频指标要求，ENDC就是我们现阶段国内运营商正在推行的NSA架构。因为NSA架构属于过渡阶段，运营商重点部署的是SA架构，因此本文重点讲述SA架构下5G的射频指标，也就是38.101-1。

3GPP相关文档下载地址：https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/38_series/

发射指标：

6 发射特性

6.2 Transmitter power发射功率；

6. 2.1 UE maximum output power最大发射功率

以上测试取样周期至少为1个子帧，1ms，除非特别说明，对各自支持的所有带宽都有效

6. 2.2 UE maximum output power reduction最大发射功率回退

5G NR允许终端在特定的调制方式、特定的RB分配机制下，适当回退最大发射功率，以适应高阶调制带来的发射指标超标或者占用带宽超标的问题；

6. 2.3 UE additional maximum output power reduction额外最大发射功率回退

额外最大功率回退是网络端基于杂散的额外要求而设定的，额外最大功率回退值和最大功率回退值不能重复叠加，取最大值做回退，

特定频段特定RB信令连接的最大功率回退

6.3 Output power dynamics输出功率动态范围

6.3.1 Minimum output power最小输出功率

The minimum controlled output power of the UE is defined as the power in the channel bandwidth for all transmit bandwidth configurations (resource blocks), when the power is set to a minimum value.

The minimum output power is defined as the mean power in at least one sub-frame 1 ms. The minimum output power shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.3.1-1.

最小发射功率的概念我们不应该陌生，无论是Wcdma还是LTE都有这项指标要求，在最小1个子帧（1ms）的测试周期内，所有带宽和RB配置下，都应该满足最小发射功率小于某个规定的大小。这个指标的含义是手机终端和基站足够近的场景下，手机应该能够响应基站的要求，发射足够小的功率出来，从而可以最大可能的长时间上网。

6.3.2 Transmit OFF power发射关功率

Transmit OFF power is defined as the mean power in the channel bandwidth when the transmitter is OFF. The transmitter is considered OFF when the UE is not allowed to transmit on any of its ports..

The transmit OFF power is defined as the mean power in a duration of at least one sub-frame (1 ms) excluding any transient periods. The transmit OFF power shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.3.2-1.

发射关功率的概念和LTE完全相同，网络要求终端关闭发射的时候，射频收发器的发射电路和PA都关闭，此时在射频口测试到的功率既是发射关功率，测试周期也是至少1个子帧（1ms）。这个指标反映的是终端保持安静的能力，主要是测试射频发射前端电路是否彻底关闭，以及是否有自激或者接收电路的锁相环电路有无泄露等。

互联网小常识：FTP服务使用C/S工作方式。在进行文件传送时，FTP客户机和服务器之间建立两个连接控制连接和数据连接。

6.3.3 Transmit ON/OFF time mask发射功率开关模板

6.3.3.2 General ON/OFF time mask通用开关模板

Figure 6.3.3.2-1: General ON/OFF time mask for NR UL transmission in FR1

10us内完成功率10%-90%和90%-10% 的上升和下降过程

6.4 Transmit signal quality发射信号质量

6.4.1 Frequency error频率误差

要求的频率误差是载波频率±0.1PPM+15Hz，测试周期1ms

6.4.2 Transmit modulation quality发射信号调制质量

6.4.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude矢量误差幅度

不同调制方式下的EVM要求不同，原则是调制阶数MCS越高，要求也相应的越高。

对非256QAM的调制方式来说，测试功率只要求比最小发射功率高即可，而256QAM的测试要求功率比最小功率高10dB以上。也就是说并不需要在最大功率下测试EVM，大多数场景下只需要比最小功率大即可，但我们测试往往是设置的最大功率，这样的场景最恶劣，也最容易发现问题。

互联网小常识：OSPF使用分布式链路状态协议，当链路状态发生变化时用洪泛法向所有路由器发送此信息，一个区域内路由器的个数不超过200个。BGP-4采用了路由向量（path vector）路由协议。BGP发言人之间的通信需要先建立TCP连接。

6.4.2.2 Carrier leakage载波泄露

Carrier leakage is an additive sinusoid waveform whose frequency is the same as the modulated waveform carrier frequency. The measurement interval is one slot in the time domain.In the case that uplink sharing, the carrier leakage may have 7.5 kHz shift with the carrier frequency.The relative carrier leakage power is a power ratio of the additive sinusoid waveform and the modulated waveform. The relative carrier leakage power shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.4.2.2-1.

载波泄露是一种由于串扰或者直流偏移造成的干扰，表现为未经调制的载波频率上的正弦波。这是一种幅度恒定且与信号幅度相对立的干扰。信号的IQ分量会对中心的子载波造成干扰，尤其是输出的调制信号较小的时候影响更大，本测试项以载波泄露的形式测试UE发射机的调试质量。

6.4.2.3 In-band emissions带内杂散

The in-band emission is defined as the average emission across 12 sub-carriers and as a function of the RB offset from the edge of the allocated UL transmission bandwidth. The in-band emission is measured as the ratio of the UE output power in a non–allocated RB to the UE output power in an allocated RB.

The basic in-band emissions measurement interval is defined over one slot in the time domain; however, the minimum requirement applies when the in-band emission measurement is averaged over 10 sub-frames. When the PUSCH or PUCCH transmission slot is shortened due to multiplexing with SRS, the in-band emissions measurement interval is reduced by one or more symbols, accordingly.

The average of the basic in-band emission measurement over 10 sub-frames shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.4.2.3-1.

带内杂散定义为，12个子载波0RB的功率和满RB的功率之比，这个指标反映的是分配部分RB的时候对带内其他RB资源的干扰情况，因为都是分配带宽内，故称为带内杂散。

6.5 Output RF spectrum emissions输出射频发射频谱

6.5.1 Occupied bandwidth占用带宽

Occupied bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth containing 99 % of the total integrated mean power of the transmitted spectrum on the assigned channel. The occupied bandwidth for all transmission bandwidth configurations (Resources Blocks) shall be less than the channel bandwidth specified in Table 6.5.1-1.

占用带宽，在我们绝大多数系统里都是99%的功率分布的带宽，这点和LTE没有任何区别。

6.5.2 Out of band emission带外杂散

The Out of band emissions are unwanted emissions immediately outside the assigned channel bandwidth resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions. This out of band emission limit is specified in terms of a spectrum emission mask and an adjacent channel leakage power ratio. 带外杂散包含SEM和ACLR两部分，其中SEM单位是绝对值dBm，而ACLR单位是相对值dBC。

6.5.2.2 Spectrum emission mask 发射频谱模板

The spectrum emission mask of the UE applies to frequencies (ΔfOOB) starting from the edge of the

assigned NR channel bandwidth. For frequencies offset greater than FOOB。

发射频谱模板指的是channel bandwidth到ΔfOOB之间的频谱，见上面的图片SEM部分。

6.5.2.4 Adjacent channel leakage ratio临道功率泄露

Adjacent channel leakage power Ratio (ACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean power centred on the assigned channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent channel frequency.

ACLR指的是指定的信道对相邻的信道滤波后的平均功率之比，这个参数的好坏反映的当前终端对同系统的其他用户的影响。

6.5.2.4.1 NR ACLR 5G NR临道功率泄露

6.5.2.4.2 UTRA ACLR UMTS制式临道功率泄露

UTRA adjacent channel leakage power ratio (UTRAACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean power centred on the assigned NR channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent(s) UTRA channel frequency.

UTRAACLR is specified for the first adjacent UTRA channel (UTRAACLR1) which center frequency is ± 2.5 MHz from NR channel edge and for the 2nd adjacent UTRA channel (UTRAACLR2) which center frequency is ± 7.5 MHz from NR channel edge.

和LTE类似，5G NR也有相应的对UMTS（WCDMA和TD-SCDMA）的邻道干扰的指标，ACLR1指的是5G信道边缘±2.5 MHz，ACLR2指的是5G信道边缘±7.5 MHz。

指标要求如下：

6.5.3 Spurious emissions发射杂散

这里的发射杂散是通用的发射杂散，和LTE的要求非常类似，是out of band emssions之外的频谱要求。具体指标要求如下：

6.5.4 Transmit intermodulation 发射交调

The transmit intermodulation performance is a measure of the capability of the transmitter to inhibit the generation of signals in its non linear elements caused by presence of the wanted signal and an interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna.

UE transmit intermodulation is defined by the ratio of the mean power of the wanted signal to the mean power of the intermodulation product when an interfering CW signal is added at a level below the wanted signal at each transmitter antenna port with the other antenna port(s) if any terminated. Both the wanted signal power and the intermodulation product power are measured through NR rectangular filter with measurement bandwidth shown in Table 6.5.4-1.

The requirement of transmit intermodulation is specified in Table 6.5.4-1.

发射交调反映的是天线口的非线性特性，分别在中心频点±信道带宽和2*信道带宽加注-40dBC的CW信号，测试交调产物分别不超过-29dBc和-35dBC。